Journal: Cellular immunology
Article Title: Gliadin amplifies the macrophage response triggered by stressed beta cells.
doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2025.104989
Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. Impact of Selected Receptor Antagonists on RAW 264.7 cells: Immunological Activation Markers, TNFα Secretion, and NO Production. A) RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated for 30 min with Boc-MLF, AMG 487 or LPS-RS, which are inhibitors of the receptor FPR1, CXCR3 and TLR4, respectively, before addition of gliadin (G). Following 24 h of incubation, the cells were stained for surface expression of CD11b, ICAM-1, MHC-II, CD86, CD40 and CD80 and analyzed by flow cytometry. Mean fluorescence intensity was tested against control cells. No inhibitor tested abolished the gliadin response. The histograms show the MFI results from repre sentative experiments with unstained cells (grey) and cells treated with enzyme control (blue), gliadin (green) or LPS (orange), stained with antibodies at optimal dilutions. The Y-axis shows the cell count as percentage of maximum, and the X-axis (biexponential) shows fluorescence intensity. B) TNF-α production was measured by ELISA and normalized to the levels of untreated cells. Likewise, no inhibitor reduced TNF-α production. C) NO production is shown relative to the level for untreated cells. Gliadin did not stimulate NO production. Data represent six independent experiments and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (multiple comparison test) and statistical significance is indicated as * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. Error bars indicate the standard deviation. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Article Snippet: BOC fMLP (Boc-MLF) inhibits the FPR1 receptor (10 μM, EC50 = 0.63 μM, Tocris).
Techniques: Activation Assay, Incubation, Staining, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Control, Cell Counting, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Comparison, Standard Deviation